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Historical Papers of the Society of the 
Sons of the American Revolution in 
the District of Columbia, No* 2, 1900 




George Washington as the 
Interpreter of His Time 




HONORABLE DAVID J. HILL 

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GEORGE WASHINGTON AS THE INTER¬ 
PRETER OF HIS TIME. 



GEORGE WASHINGTON AS THE INTERPRETER 
OF HIS TIME * 


Members of the Patriotic Societies and Honored Friends: 
When the caravels of Columbus turned their eager prows 
westward to face the night of an unknown sea, the last rays of 
a declining sun had fallen upon the broken and scattered col¬ 
umns of the middle ages; but when his ships rested, the dawn 
of a new day for humanity burst upon the solitude of another 
continent. Behind him lay the fragments of mediaeval em¬ 
pire, the spoil of a new race of kings. Before him stretched 
an untrodden wilderness, destined to become the home of a 
new civilization, the scene of the larger life and higher disci¬ 
pline of a new era in the history of mankind. The jewels 
which the faith of a generous queen had cast into the sea were 
restored to her hand set in the keys of empire, and henceforth 
the hopes of humanity sought the land of promise by the path¬ 
way of the western seas. 

The quest for gold and the search for an El Dorado were 
the first dreams that filled the vision of a generation which 
had not learned that the true secret of wealth and happiness 
lies in the bosom of man himself. At first, adventurers came 
to claim possession by despoiling nature and the rule of sub¬ 
ject races; but at last, a band of exiles, urged on by nobler 
aspirations, pushed forward through storm and darkness in 
search of freedom beyond the sea. Not for the conquistador 
or the buccaneer, but for the pilgrim and the planter was the 
new world predestined; and the lasting conquest of the con¬ 
tinent was reserved for those who carried within them the 
true secret of mastery—the native strength of mind and pur¬ 
pose to make it theirs by honest toil and sacrifice. They came 
with their Bibles, their families and their flint locks—a trinity 

*Address of Hon. David J. Hill, LL. D., delivered before the pa¬ 
triotic societies of Washington, on the hundredth anniversary of the 
death of George Washington, December 14, 1899. 



2 


GEORGE WASHINGTON, INTERPRETER. 


of safeguards to the pioneer. The first taught him high 
standards of duty, the second filled him with incentives to 
frugality and virtue, and the third offered protection against 
the wild beast and the lurking savage. The highest type of 
man came into contact with the most stimulating influences 
of nature, and there followed the development of a firm, re¬ 
sourceful and indomitable manhood, fitted to create a new 
epoch in the history of the world. 

Superiority in the realm of thought offers endless resources, 
and the American colonists possessed the self-directing power 
which habitual thoughtfulness bestows. In the name of their 
king they organized civil governments in which every citizen 
became a participant, and multitudes rose to the level of high 
statesmanship by the long habit of justice and liberty. A 
hundred and fifty years of political experience rendered the 
colonies the best educated communities in public affairs that 
had ever existed, and when the War for Independence began, 
self-government was no experiment, but the inheritance of 
five generations of Americans who had made and honored 
their own laws in the spirit of obedience to their profoundest 
convictions of duty. 

The Revolution was, therefore, no immature fruit of politi¬ 
cal philosophy, no sudden plunge into the uncertainties of 
an untried freedom, no scheme of ambitious leaders to secure 
personal advantages, but the deliberate and reluctant deter¬ 
mination of the people to be rid of a relation of dependence 
that brought them no protection and much humiliation. The 
colonies were ripe for independence, capable of assuming 
those responsibilities to the family of nations which independ¬ 
ence implies, and of maintaining that condition of public peace 
and private justice without which no government has the 
right to exist. Throughout twelve years of public debate, 
which preceded the final act of separation, it was the convic¬ 
tion of great jurists on both sides of the Atlantic that resist¬ 
ance to the encroachments of the Crown and the Parliament 
was justified by all the traditions of English liberty. 

When the battle of Lexington gave the signal of revolt, 
Congress, no longer hesitating, sought a commander-in-chief 
of its scattered forces and unanimously selected Colonel 


GEORGE WASHINGTON, INTERPRETER. 3 

Washington. The choice inspired the whole seaboard with 
confidence and a general thrill of hope swept away all doubt. 
“If you speak of solid information and sound judgment,” said 
Patrick Henry, “Colonel Washington is unquestionably the 
greatest man upon the floor.” Rising in his place, the chosen 
leader modestly thanked Congress for the honor, declining 
the offer of compensation, and added, in words which deserve 
to be written in the heart of every holder of public office: “I 
will keep an exact account of my expenses; those, I doubt 
not, will be discharged, and that is all I desire.” 

As the commander-in-chief hastened northward to unite the 
resistance of the whole country by taking command of a New 
England army, the shout of “God save the King” died away 
forever in the hearts of the patriots, and the garnered liberties 
of a hundred years burst into the impassioned cry of “God 
save the People!” From the moment when one of their own 
number, distinguished from his fellow-citizens only by the 
preeminence in which he shared their qualities, marshalled the 
scattered bands of militia into an effective army and held them 
in rigid subordination to the civil authority, the sovereignty 
of the people became an established fact. 

It is in his representative capacity, his interpretation of 
his opportunity, and his part in the national development that 
Washington belongs to his country, to the world, and to all 
time. We think of him as the first of American patriots, but 
his greatness lies in his relations of leadership rather than 
in a lonely isolation; for indissolubly connected with him are 
the minute men who answered to his call under the ancient 
elm at Cambridge, the tattered heroes who with him hewed 
their way across the ice-blocked Delaware, and the weary, 
unpaid troops who bade him farewell at Newburg, when the 
war was ended and the hard tasks of peace lay before his im¬ 
poverished army. In celebrating him, we cannot forget the 
unfaltering fortitude and bravery of those who suffered at 
Valley Forge and bled in the great struggle for the Hudson. 

When we consider the condition of the colonies, their 
meagre resources, and the imperfect discipline of the army, so 
poor in munitions of war that Franklin seriously proposed 
the use of bows and arrows, we are filled with amazement at 


4 


GEORGE WASHINGTON, INTERPRETER. 


Washington’s splendid genius for construction and organiza¬ 
tion. But beyond our wonder at his matchless skill in mar¬ 
shalling his unequal forces, rises the admiration of his sublime 
patriotism when, in the moment of triumph, turning from the 
vision of empire, he placed the crown of the victorious 
colonies, offered to himself, upon the brow of a sovereign 
people, and modestly termed his final success “a signal stroke 
of Providence.” And yet the exaltation of Washington’s 
character is not the explanation of the Revolution. Behind 
him and within him were unseen forces pushing on to their 
fulfillment and linking his agency with the great principle of 
progress as the instrument of the power which in all ages is 
working out the destinies of man. 

The new world was to bear its ripened fruit of a new polity. 
The scattered seed of freedom and self-rule was to be garnered 
in a harvest of mighty States. The War for Independence, 
with all its glories of hardships and victory, was but a little 
thing upon the great scale of political development. From 
Paul Revere’s midnight ride, when the flashing lights in the 
old church tower kindled the fires of revolution, to the close 
of the heroic struggle, when the town crier’s call, “Cornwallis 
surrendered at Yorktown and all’s well,” rang out upon the 
night; the seven years of battle and suspense, the seven fate¬ 
ful years which told the story of American fortitude at Bunker 
Hill, at Ticonderoga, at Saratoga and at King’s Mountain,— 
all this was but the severing of an ancient bond, the birth- 
pang of nativity. But the time of trial came in those critical 
years of the young republic, after peace was concluded and 
the sword was sheathed, when all Europe scornfully smiled at 
the misfortunes of the liberated colonies, now free to consum¬ 
mate their folly, with a worthless currency, a ruined credit, 
a condition of unrest and rivalry between the States, and a 
confederation without power to enforce the laws of Congress. 

Then it was that Washington, who had disbanded his army 
and retired to his estates at Mount Vernon, wrote to Jay: 
“We cannot exist long as a Nation without having lodged 
somewhere a power which will pervade the whole Union in as 
energetic a manner as the authority of the State governments 
extends over the States.” All that was provincial in his sym- 


GEORGE WASHINGTON, INTERPRETER. 


5 


pathies had been cast aside when he drew his sword at 
Charlestown. A devoted Virginian, he was yet the first to 
see that the only hope for republican institutions lay in a 
strong and consolidated union, binding the divergent in¬ 
terests of local communities with a single and inseparable bond 
of nationality. 

Called by the love and confidence of the people to be the 
chief magistrate and guardian of the Constitution, he was 
confronted with a group of States timidly and reluctantly 
united, and suspicious of all central authority. At a time 
when Hamilton was stoned, Jay burned in effigy, and apostles 
of sedition were in arms against the government, nothing but 
the prudence of Washington could have accomplished the 
colossal task of national organization. It has been said that 
Abraham Lincoln was “the first American to reach the lonely 
heights of immortal fame.” Shall we not rather say, that 
when he ascended to his place in history his highest honor 
was to enter into fellowship with the founder of that Union 
whose completion he accomplished? Without the one, the 
rising walls would have crumbled and fallen; without the 
other they would have remained uncrowned by the splendid 
dome of nationality. 

It was not the needs of the moment only which filled the 
clear vision of Washington. Far away westward, beyond the 
Great Lakes, to the Mississippi, stretched the vast Northwest 
Territory, and beyond it an unknown land extended to the 
ocean. Here uncounted millions were about to follow the 
paths of the great waterways to create new homes in the wil¬ 
derness. What was to be their destiny? Was it to become 
the scene of jarring and petty sovereignties, or should the pro¬ 
tection of the Constitution extend its blessings over this vast 
area? Inspired by this hope, Washington had journeyed into 
this western country and, returning, resolved to bind it in¬ 
separably to the Union. The projects undertaken, the long 
story of settlement and development by which this region be¬ 
came the seat of rich and populous States may well furnish 
a subject of reflection at this moment, when the movements 
of that earlier time are tested by the fruitful issues of a hun¬ 
dred years. How vast, how impossible of utilization, seemed 


6 


GEORGE WASHINGTON, INTERPRETER. 


those boundless reaches of forest and mountain and prairie! 
How helpless was man before the stupendous magnitudes of 
that continental solitude, now teeming with a happy popula¬ 
tion and held in the grasp of a system of transportation that 
makes the distance from ocean to ocean like a journey be¬ 
tween the borders of a single State! 

By instinct a nation-builder, Washington perceived that 
without diversified industries, America would always continue 
in a relation of dependence upon Europe. In his first Address 
to Congress he advocated the fostering of industrial enter¬ 
prise, and wrote elsewhere: “The promotion of domestic 
manufactures will, in my conception, be among the first con¬ 
sequences which may be naturally expected from an energetic 
government.” He clearly grasped the great principle that, 
while there is a natural limit to the capacity of mankind to 
consume the fruits of the earth, there is no limit to the use of 
mechanical productions. Together with Hamilton, he found¬ 
ed a policy which has enabled the country to absorb an im¬ 
mense population, and filled it with the music of happy in¬ 
dustry. It is this development, augmented by the substitu¬ 
tion of mechanical power for muscular energy, which has 
built our four hundred and fifty cities, where only six or eight 
thousand inhabitants than existed, and created the expanding 
forces which push our commerce into distant oceans, clamor¬ 
ing for admission to the markets of the world. “It is not in 
the power of the proudest and most polite people on earth,” 
wrote Washington, at a time when the revolutionary states¬ 
men wore homespun made of their own wool, in their own 
homes, by their own wives and daughters, “to prevent us from 
becoming a great, a respectable, and a commercial nation, if 
we shall continue united and faithful to ourselves.” 

And now that we have become a commercial nation, with 
no limit to our production except the demand for our com¬ 
modities, would the great statesman counsel indifference to 
our future growth? And how shall we continue to be “faith¬ 
ful to ourselves ?” Surely not by suffering the door of trade, 
opened by negotiation and secured by solemn treaties, to be 
closed against us; nor by alienating territory that has come 
under the benign sovereignty of the United States by the law 


GEORGE WASHINGTON, INTERPRETER- 


7 


of nations; and still less by permitting anarchy or despotism 
to disturb the peace and prosperity of communities brought 
under our protection. 

A course of events which no human mind could have fore¬ 
seen has forced upon the American people a weight of respon¬ 
sibility such as they have not borne since the proclamation of 
Lincoln threw upon them the recognition of an emancipated 
race. Twelve millions of human beings, swept into the shel¬ 
tering embrace of this great Nation, demand in their inex¬ 
perience and helplessness what our institutions can do for 
them. It is a tragic moment in the history of this people, a 
moment whose issues demand a supreme elevation of thought 
and a masterful effort of unselfish action. We have said by 
the imperative voice of our army and navy that these wards 
of the Nation shall no longer suffer the domination of a cor¬ 
rupt colonial system, nor be left to the mercy of crude and 
self-constituted despots who would profit by their political 
immaturity. 

But soon will begin a task which armies and navies cannot 
accomplish, the task of enabling these liberated millions to 
understand and enjoy the blessings of liberty and order. At 
such a moment the American people may well draw inspira¬ 
tion from the calm, disinterested and magnanimous patriotism 
of Washington. Having broken oppression and scattered 
anarchy, American heroism is now called upon to solve the 
problems of the greatest trust ever confided to a generous 
people. Shall the hand which has wrought the liberating 
work of war hesitate to bestow the lofty policies of peace? 
In the presence of new emergencies, we instinctively look to 
the past for counsel. Let us thank God that in so doing we 
can turn to a fountain of high wisdom and pure patriotism in 
George Washington; and catching his spirit, casting aside 
all selfish and partisan prejudice, rising to the splendid height 
of his self-forgetfulness, looking only to the interests of this 
great nation and those whom it has gathered under its protec¬ 
tion, we shall see with a clearer vision and act with a more 
resolute will. 

Around the tomb at Mount Vernon the rude winds of De¬ 
cember have scattered the leaves of a hundred dead summers, 


8 


GEORGE WASHINGTON, INTERPRETER. 


but the silent, flowing river has never ceased to seek the sea. 
Let us learn the lesson which the genius of the place inspires, 
that nations, like men, become great, not by the goals they 
rest in, but by the transitions which must mark their growth. 











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